Archnet > Publication > أطلس حاضرة الخرطوم

Hala Adra - <div><br></div>El-Bushra, El-Sayed. An Atlas of Khartoum Conurbation. Khartoum: University of Khartoum Press, 1976, 97pp.<div><br></div><div><br><div style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-weight: bold;">ملخص<br></span></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br></span></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br></span></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-weight: bold;">أطلس حاضرة الخرطوم</span><br></div></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br></span></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-style: italic;">An Atlas of Khartoum Conurbation</span><br></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-style: italic;"><br></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><br></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">ﺘﺄﻟﻒ
ﺣﺎﺿﺮة اﻟﺨﺮطﻮم ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث ﻣﺪن ھﻲ اﻟﺨﺮطﻮم و اﻟﺨﺮطﻮم ﺑﺤﺮي و أم درﻣﺎن و اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻮﺿﻊ ﺟﻤﯿﻌﮭﺎ
ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎء ﻧﮭﺮي اﻟﻨﯿﻞ اﻷﺑﯿﺾ و اﻷزرق.</span><span style="font-style: italic;"><br></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><br></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">و ﯾﺘﻨﺎول
اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب «اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ» اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ
اﻟﺴﻤﺎت اﻟﺠﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ و اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ. أﻣﺎ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ </span><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">«</span><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">اﻟﻨﺸﺄة و اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ</span><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">»</span><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"> ﻓﯿﻘﺪم ﻋﺮﺿﺎ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯿﺎ ﯾﺒﺮز ظﮭﻮر اﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﺜﻼث ﺑﺪءا ﻣﻦ
ﻣﺴﺘﻮطﻨﺎت ﻋﺼﻮر ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ و ﻣﺮورا ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺮﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﯿﺤﯿﺔ و اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ و اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎدس
ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﯿﻼدي ﺣﯿﺚ ﺷﮭﺪ ظﮭﻮر ﻗﺮﯾﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ آﻧﻔﺔ اﻟﺬﻛﺮ. ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ
و ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﺮي اﻟﺘﻲ اﻣﺘﺪت ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎم ١٨٢١ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺎم ١٨٨٥ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻗﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺨﺮطﻮم
ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻮدان و ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺖ و ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﻟﻤﺪﯾﻨﺔ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎﻧﮭﺎ ﺛﻼث ﻣﺌﺔ أﻟﻒ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ، أﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﺨﺮطﻮم ﺑﺤﺮي و أم درﻣﺎن ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻘﯿﺘﺎ ﻗﺮﯾﺘﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ</span><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">.</span><br></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><br></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">و ﻓﻲ
اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﻤﮭﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪة ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ١٨٨٥ و ١٨٩٨ ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر أم درﻣﺎن ﻛﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻟﻠﺴﻮدان
ﻟﯿﺤﻞ اﻟﺨﺮاب ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮطﻮم. إﻻ أﻧﮫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ إﻋﺎدة ﺑﻨﺎﺋﮭﺎ ﻣﺠﺪدا ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ اﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ
اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻷوروﺑﻲ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﺮي ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ
١٨٩٨  و ١٩٥٦، ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻢ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺎظﻤﺔ
ﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻂ و ﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺧﺎص ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺴﻜﻨﯿﺔ ﯾﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎن اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت
اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ و ﯾﻮزﻋﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼث ﻣﻨﺎطﻖ. و ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼل، أدت اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ
و اﻟﺨﺪﻣﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ و ﺗﺠﺎري ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﺷﺠﻊ ﺗﺰاﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﺠﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺮﯾﻔﯿﺔ
ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ</span><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">.</span><br></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><br></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">ﻛﻤﺎ
ﯾﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻜﺘﺎب أﯾﻀﺎ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺬي ﺣﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﺜﻼث، ﺣﯿﺚ ارﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎﻧﮭﺎ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ
ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺴﯿﻦ أﻟﻒ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎم ١٩٠٠ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺎھﺰ اﻟﻤﻠﯿﻮن ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎم ١٩٧٩. و ﯾﻤﺘﺪ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ ﻟﯿﺸﻤﻞ
ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺰاﯾﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ و اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻮزع اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ
و اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ. و ﻟﺮﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ أول ﻋﻤﻞ ﯾﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ
اﻟﺬي أﻟﺤﻘﮫ اﻟﺘﺰاﯾﺪ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺴﻜﻨﯿﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺧﺼﺔ. و ﻟﻜﻨﮫ و ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ
ﻟﻢ ﯾﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ اﻻﻋﺘﺮاف ﺑﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻣﻦ و اﻟﺼﺤﺔ و اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ و
ﻏﯿﺮ ذﻟﻚ.</span><br></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><br></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">و ﯾﻘﺪم
ﻓﺼﻞ «اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷراﺿﻲ» ﺷﺮﺣﺎ ﺟﯿﺪا ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺼﻮر و اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﺠﻮﯾﺔ و ﯾﻌﺮض اﻟﺴﻤﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ
اﻟﺘﻲ طﺒﻌﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷراﺿﻲ  و اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺧﻼل
ﺳﺘﯿﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﯾﻦ. و ﯾﻠﻔﺖ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷﺧﯿﺮ »ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ« اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه إﻟﻰ أھﻤﯿﺔ دراﺳﺔ
اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ و اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ</span><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">.</span><br></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><br></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="right"><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL">ﻓﺘﺤﻲ ﺑﺸﯿﺮ<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<span lang="AR-IQ" dir="RTL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ھﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪرة</span><br></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL" style="font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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Type

abstract

Year

2014

El-Bushra, El-Sayed. An Atlas of Khartoum Conurbation. Khartoum: University of Khartoum Press, 1976, 97pp.

ملخص

أطلس حاضرة الخرطوم

An Atlas of Khartoum Conurbation

ﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺣﺎﺿﺮة اﻟﺨﺮطﻮم ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث ﻣﺪن ھﻲ اﻟﺨﺮطﻮم و اﻟﺨﺮطﻮم ﺑﺤﺮي و أم درﻣﺎن و اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻮﺿﻊ ﺟﻤﯿﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎء ﻧﮭﺮي اﻟﻨﯿﻞ اﻷﺑﯿﺾ و اﻷزرق.

و ﯾﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب «اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ» اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻤﺎت اﻟﺠﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ و اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ. أﻣﺎ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ «اﻟﻨﺸﺄة و اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ» ﻓﯿﻘﺪم ﻋﺮﺿﺎ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯿﺎ ﯾﺒﺮز ظﮭﻮر اﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﺜﻼث ﺑﺪءا ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮطﻨﺎت ﻋﺼﻮر ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ و ﻣﺮورا ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺮﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﯿﺤﯿﺔ و اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ و اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎدس ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﯿﻼدي ﺣﯿﺚ ﺷﮭﺪ ظﮭﻮر ﻗﺮﯾﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ آﻧﻔﺔ اﻟﺬﻛﺮ. ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ و ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﺮي اﻟﺘﻲ اﻣﺘﺪت ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎم ١٨٢١ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺎم ١٨٨٥ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻗﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺨﺮطﻮم ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻮدان و ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺖ و ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﻟﻤﺪﯾﻨﺔ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎﻧﮭﺎ ﺛﻼث ﻣﺌﺔ أﻟﻒ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ، أﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮطﻮم ﺑﺤﺮي و أم درﻣﺎن ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻘﯿﺘﺎ ﻗﺮﯾﺘﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ.

و ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﻤﮭﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪة ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ١٨٨٥ و ١٨٩٨ ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر أم درﻣﺎن ﻛﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻟﻠﺴﻮدان ﻟﯿﺤﻞ اﻟﺨﺮاب ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮطﻮم. إﻻ أﻧﮫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ إﻋﺎدة ﺑﻨﺎﺋﮭﺎ ﻣﺠﺪدا ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ اﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻷوروﺑﻲ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﺮي ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ١٨٩٨ و ١٩٥٦، ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻢ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺎظﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻂ و ﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺧﺎص ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺴﻜﻨﯿﺔ ﯾﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎن اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ و ﯾﻮزﻋﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼث ﻣﻨﺎطﻖ. و ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼل، أدت اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ و اﻟﺨﺪﻣﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ و ﺗﺠﺎري ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﺷﺠﻊ ﺗﺰاﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﺠﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺮﯾﻔﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ.

ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻜﺘﺎب أﯾﻀﺎ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺬي ﺣﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﺜﻼث، ﺣﯿﺚ ارﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎﻧﮭﺎ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺴﯿﻦ أﻟﻒ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎم ١٩٠٠ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺎھﺰ اﻟﻤﻠﯿﻮن ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎم ١٩٧٩. و ﯾﻤﺘﺪ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ ﻟﯿﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺰاﯾﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ و اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻮزع اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ و اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ. و ﻟﺮﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ أول ﻋﻤﻞ ﯾﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺬي أﻟﺤﻘﮫ اﻟﺘﺰاﯾﺪ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺴﻜﻨﯿﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺧﺼﺔ. و ﻟﻜﻨﮫ و ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻟﻢ ﯾﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ اﻻﻋﺘﺮاف ﺑﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻣﻦ و اﻟﺼﺤﺔ و اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ و ﻏﯿﺮ ذﻟﻚ.

و ﯾﻘﺪم ﻓﺼﻞ «اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷراﺿﻲ» ﺷﺮﺣﺎ ﺟﯿﺪا ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺼﻮر و اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﺠﻮﯾﺔ و ﯾﻌﺮض اﻟﺴﻤﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ طﺒﻌﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷراﺿﻲ و اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺧﻼل ﺳﺘﯿﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﯾﻦ. و ﯾﻠﻔﺖ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷﺧﯿﺮ »ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ« اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه إﻟﻰ أھﻤﯿﺔ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ و اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ.

ﻓﺘﺤﻲ ﺑﺸﯿﺮ

ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ھﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪرة

Bashier, Fathi. '"Arabic abstract of 'An Atlas of Khartoum Conurbation'". Translated by Hala Adra. In Cities as Built and Lived Environments: Scholarship from Muslim Contexts, 1875 to 2011, by Aptin Khanbaghi. 485. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2014.