Tracing a path through formalism to social history and critical theory, this essay traces how the shift in focus from the garden (reductively defined as a quadripartite form) to the landscape (defined in geographic and environmental terms) has allowed a more complex understanding of the environment, formed as much by natural conditions such as water, topography, and time, as by human design.
Ruggles, D. Fairchild. "From Garden to Landscape: Lessons from the Taj and the Alhambra." International Journal of Islamic Architecture 10, 1 (2021): 89-98.
