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Welcome to ARCHNET, an Open Access, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.Our mission:&nbsp;<ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship, and professional work by providing ready access to quality, unique texts, and media focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design, conservation issues, visual and material cultures, and related topics, both historically and in terms of contemporary best practices.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve serves as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of, and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past, and present.&nbsp;ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries </a>(AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard and MIT. ARCHNET NEXT was developed by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.

About

Yusuf Ibn Tashfin

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digital graphic

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patron

 Marrakech

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Morocco

Amonite Complex

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IMG34537

Jami' al-Kutubiyya

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Walls and gates of Marrakech

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35 mm slide

IHM0205

Badi' Palace

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Marrakech. Badi' Palace.

Ben Youssef Madrasa

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Jama' al-Fna

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ARCH Conservation Microprojects

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IMG06225

Amanjena Hotel

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Amelkis Residence

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Anbar Project

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IAA9113

Marrakech is the 4th largest city in Morocco, after <a target="_blank" href="http://archnet.org/authorities/6567">Casablanca</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3657" data-bypass="true">Fès</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3987">Tangier</a>.&nbsp; It is inland, approximately 240 km south of Casablanca and 246 km north of Agadir.&nbsp; It was founded in 1062 by the Almoravids, and the city fortifications were built during the reign of Ali ibn Yusuf.&nbsp; The snow covered peaks of the Atlas mountains are visible from the city. &nbsp;

cities

Box 4 - International Tangier

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glass plate negative

View of 'Jma al-Fna

Paul Servant

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View of Jamaa al-Fna

Water and the Built Environment of Muslim Societies

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Pedestrians along the Menara Resevoir

Menara

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Reservoir

Marrakech

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Camel Caravan

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Cattle market

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Rooftop view toward the Kutubiyya 4-68

Box 16 - International Tangier

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Moroccan Tannery

Marrakesh

مراكش

Original

See <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2353" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Timeline: Almohad</a> ﻿North African Berber dynasty which ruled over much of North Africa, Spain and parts of sub-Saharan West Africa. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Almohads originated from the Atlas mountains of Morocco and were led by a religious leader who preached moral reform. They defeated the ruling dynasty of the&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/timelines/48/period/Almoravid/year/1053" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Almoravids</a>&nbsp;and established the greatest empire of the western Islamic world. In 1170/565 AH the capital was moved to&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3944" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Seville</a>&nbsp;from where resistance to the Christian reconquest could be organized.&nbsp;City walls are equally demonstrative symbols of Almohad ideology with stepped crenellations and decorated gateway facades. The best examples of Almohad fortifications are the city gates at&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3900" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Rabat</a>&nbsp;with their complex bent entrances and monumental facades decorated with cusped arches.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Almohad architecture is characterized by its mosques and fortifications. The most notable feature of Almohad mosques are the large minaret towers which dominate the great mosques of&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3944" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Seville</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3820" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Marakesh</a>&nbsp;and Rabat. Under their predecessors, the Almoravids, minarets were thought to be inappropriate and were left out of mosque designs. The Almohads were responsible for reintroducing the minaret, first in a tentative form, as in the&nbsp;minaret of&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/sites/1745" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Timnal</a>&nbsp;where it is a low tower behind the mihrab, and later in a monumental form. The design varied from one tower to another but the basic form was a square shaft containing a central core with a vaulted room on each storey. The exterior was usually decorated with windows set within frames made of cusped arches which formed networks of lozenge shapes. The form of these minarets established a tradition which was followed in mosques of the fourteenth century and later. Petersen, Andrew.&nbsp;Dictionary of Islamic Architecture.&nbsp;London and New York: Routledge, 1999.

Almohad

See, also, <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2354" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Timeline: Almoravid</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Almoravids, or al-Murabitun (المرابطون),&nbsp;were a dynasty that sprang from a from power base among the confederation of&nbsp;Sanhajah&nbsp;Berber&nbsp;tribes in what is now Niger and Mali. At its height their empire spanned most of&nbsp;the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of North African from what is today Mauritania to Western Tunisia, as well as the Southern half of the Iberian Peninsula. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They were a dynasty of religious zealots originally led by&nbsp;the Moroccan theologian Abdallah Ibn Yassin who had been invited by&nbsp;Yahya Ibn Ibrahim, leader of the Banu Gudala tribe, to preach among his people. He proved to be a reformist zealot, and he quickly rose to prominence.This led to his invitation by Abu-Bakr Lamtuni to preach among the Lamtuna, where he found a more enthusiastic reception. Upon his death&nbsp;Yusef Ibn Tashfin succeeded him. In&nbsp;the latter part of the 11th century this&nbsp;religious fervor, matched by the military prowess of the Lamtuna led to the conquest of Morocco,&nbsp;the Ghana Empire,&nbsp;much of Algeria, and&nbsp;part of Muslim Spain. Marrakesh was established as the capital in 1062/454 AH and Ibn Tashfin assumed the title of amir al-muslimin (“commander of the Muslims”)&nbsp;in the territories he governed. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;During the reign of ‘Ali Ibn Yusef&nbsp;(1106-1142/499-536 AH) the rest of Muslim Spain came under Almoravid rule, with the exception of Valencia, which retained its independence. The administrative union between the Spanish and North Africa was consolidated, which allowed a greater flow of artistic and intellectual commerce between the two Mediterranean shores. The architecture of this period attempted to reign in much of what they saw as the excesses of the Umayyad period.&nbsp;The Almoravids were less prone to build on a grand scale, or to indulge in elaborate ornamentation. Perhaps the&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/sites/1739" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Qubbahal-Barudiyyin</a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/sites/14772" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Marrakesh</a>&nbsp;is one of the best extant examples of early Almoravid architectural style and its emphasis on simple, austere designs with great inherent aesthetic elegance. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Christian forces wanting to retake territory, as well as Muslim rivals for power soon challenged the Almoravids dominance and kept chipping away at their vast and weakened empire. Saragossa&nbsp;fell to Christian forces in 1118/512 AH, and by&nbsp;1125/519 AH the&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/timelines/48/period/Almohad/year/1130" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Almohads</a>&nbsp;were already showing their strength in armed rebellions. The fall of Marrakech and Lisbon in&nbsp;1147/541 AH,&nbsp;effectively marked the end of Almoravid power, though some resistance continued in Spain, the Balearic Islands and in the province of Ifriqiyya, in today's Tunisia. -<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2691" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Michael A. Toler</a>

MarrakechMarrakech, Morocco

Marrakech
Marrakech, Morocco