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<h2>ARCHNET FAQ</h2>1. Will ARCHNET work on my device?Archnet works well on the most recent version of any major browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge), either on a mobile device or computer. It may work on older or less common browsers as well. If Archnet fails to work properly on your machine, please let us know about your experience by clicking the blue feedback button at bottom right!2. Will my URLs from earlier versions of Archnet still work?Yes, if they are from the version launched in January 2013. As of October 12, 2021, all URLs from the old Archnet have been redirected to ARCHNET.&nbsp;&nbsp;3. How do I download a/n:&nbsp;<ul><li>image - Select the image you want to download from search results, a site or an authority. The image will open in your browser.&nbsp;Right click to download.&nbsp;For larger, high-resolution copies, see contact us using archnet@mit.edu.&nbsp;</li><li>publication - Open the page for the publication in your browser and click the download button. Reprinting Archnet publications is permissible only for personal use.&nbsp;Please contact us for any other requests.&nbsp;</li><li>site descriptions and metadata - Site descriptions and metadata can be used for any nonprofit or educational organization with appropriate attribution to the authors and Archnet.&nbsp;</li><li>video - Currently video downloads are not possible. If you'd like to use an Archnet video, please contact <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/terms" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> for information on how you can use Archnnet material.4. Can I contribute material to Archnet?&nbsp;Yes!&nbsp;See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Contribute</a> page for more information.&nbsp;Calls for specific contributions are also also shared in our social media and on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">web site of the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;5. What happened to the Archnet Timeline?&nbsp;Timeline has migrated into the ARCHNET NEXT Collections page&nbsp;<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/collection_type/3/1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">as a category</a>. These collections provide short introductions for each period, often offering lists of additional resources at the end of the entry. Only the timeline graphic listing the periods along a chronological axis has not migrated.6. My question isn't here.&nbsp;How can I get help?&nbsp;If your issue is with using Archnet, use the blue Feedback button to alert us to your issue. This will allow you to include a screenshot or recording. Please, also, feel free to contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>We are currently developing the help section of ARCHNET NEXT. In the meantime, please use the blue Feedback button in ARCHNET NEXT to send us feedback or other questions. Contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;

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Welcome to ARCHNET, an Open Access, interdisciplinary, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.Our mission:&nbsp;<ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship, and professional work by providing ready access to quality, unique texts, and media focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design, conservation issues, visual and material cultures, and related topics, both historically and in terms of contemporary best practices.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of, and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past, and present.&nbsp;ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries </a>(AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard and MIT. ARCHNET NEXT was developed by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.

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Archnet is a community-powered resource that provides ready access to visual and textual material to facilitate teaching, scholarship, and professional work of high quality.&nbsp;This unparalleled resource continues to grow with both the addition of historic archives and documentation on contemporary trends shaping the built environment today.&nbsp;To better serve you, our user, in the study of art and architecture of Muslim societies, we continue to build our vast collection of sites, publications, images, and videos. To ensure a high level of scholarly content and accuracy in the information provided, we appreciate your expert feedback and, more importantly, your contributions..&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>Please send comments, corrections, commendations, and other feedback to <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>If you find sites on Archnet to which you can contribute in compelling and meaningful ways, your generosity is most welcome. If you would be interested in contributing research, publications or other media to Archnet, please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We invite contributions of relevant, previously published, Open Access or copyrighted material for which you are able to grant Archnet a non-exclusive license. Please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We invite the contribution of syllabi, lesson plans, recorded lectures, or other material for our pedagogy project. Please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We welcome the donation of select archives based on our current editorial policies and priorities.&nbsp;If you have a collection you would like to bring to the attention of Archnet's editors, please send an email to: <a href="http://mailto: archnet-submission@mit.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.</li><li>Occasionally, Archnet editors issue calls for contributions on specific themes or of particular types of material. Follow those on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">website of AKDC@MIT </a>or <a href="https://mailchi.mp/17fc345bbd94/archnetakdc-updates" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">subscribe to our mailing list</a>.</li></ul> The breadth, depth, and quality of Archnet is oachieved through the generosity of numerous institutions and individuals listed on the respective pages throughout the site.&nbsp;We thank you for your generosity!

Contribute

Yusuf Ibn Tashfin

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digital graphic

IAA705593

patron

 Marrakech

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IAA705799

Morocco

Amonite Complex

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digital photograph

IMG34537

Jami' al-Kutubiyya

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IMG53763

Walls and gates of Marrakech

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35 mm slide

IHM0205

Badi' Palace

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Marrakech. Badi' Palace.

Ben Youssef Madrasa

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IMG53744

Jama' al-Fna

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ARCH Conservation Microprojects

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IMG06225

Amanjena Hotel

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IMG02527

Amelkis Residence

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IMG02546

Anbar Project

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IAA9113

Marrakech is the 4th largest city in Morocco, after <a target="_blank" href="http://archnet.org/authorities/6567">Casablanca</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3657" data-bypass="true">Fès</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3987">Tangier</a>.&nbsp; It is inland, approximately 240 km south of Casablanca and 246 km north of Agadir.&nbsp; It was founded in 1062 by the Almoravids, and the city fortifications were built during the reign of Ali ibn Yusuf.&nbsp; The snow covered peaks of the Atlas mountains are visible from the city. &nbsp;

cities

Box 4 - International Tangier

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glass plate negative

View of 'Jma al-Fna

Paul Servant

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View of Jamaa al-Fna

Water and the Built Environment of Muslim Societies

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Pedestrians along the Menara Resevoir

Menara

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Reservoir

Marrakech

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Camel Caravan

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Cattle market

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Rooftop view toward the Kutubiyya 4-68

Box 16 - International Tangier

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Moroccan Tannery

Marrakesh

مراكش

Original

See <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2353" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Timeline: Almohad</a> ﻿North African Berber dynasty which ruled over much of North Africa, Spain and parts of sub-Saharan West Africa. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Almohads originated from the Atlas mountains of Morocco and were led by a religious leader who preached moral reform. They defeated the ruling dynasty of the&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/timelines/48/period/Almoravid/year/1053" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Almoravids</a>&nbsp;and established the greatest empire of the western Islamic world. In 1170/565 AH the capital was moved to&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3944" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Seville</a>&nbsp;from where resistance to the Christian reconquest could be organized.&nbsp;City walls are equally demonstrative symbols of Almohad ideology with stepped crenellations and decorated gateway facades. The best examples of Almohad fortifications are the city gates at&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3900" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Rabat</a>&nbsp;with their complex bent entrances and monumental facades decorated with cusped arches.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Almohad architecture is characterized by its mosques and fortifications. The most notable feature of Almohad mosques are the large minaret towers which dominate the great mosques of&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3944" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Seville</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3820" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Marakesh</a>&nbsp;and Rabat. Under their predecessors, the Almoravids, minarets were thought to be inappropriate and were left out of mosque designs. The Almohads were responsible for reintroducing the minaret, first in a tentative form, as in the&nbsp;minaret of&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/sites/1745" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Timnal</a>&nbsp;where it is a low tower behind the mihrab, and later in a monumental form. The design varied from one tower to another but the basic form was a square shaft containing a central core with a vaulted room on each storey. The exterior was usually decorated with windows set within frames made of cusped arches which formed networks of lozenge shapes. The form of these minarets established a tradition which was followed in mosques of the fourteenth century and later. Petersen, Andrew.&nbsp;Dictionary of Islamic Architecture.&nbsp;London and New York: Routledge, 1999.

Almohad

See, also, <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2354" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Timeline: Almoravid</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Almoravids, or al-Murabitun (المرابطون),&nbsp;were a dynasty that sprang from a from power base among the confederation of&nbsp;Sanhajah&nbsp;Berber&nbsp;tribes in what is now Niger and Mali. At its height their empire spanned most of&nbsp;the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of North African from what is today Mauritania to Western Tunisia, as well as the Southern half of the Iberian Peninsula. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They were a dynasty of religious zealots originally led by&nbsp;the Moroccan theologian Abdallah Ibn Yassin who had been invited by&nbsp;Yahya Ibn Ibrahim, leader of the Banu Gudala tribe, to preach among his people. He proved to be a reformist zealot, and he quickly rose to prominence.This led to his invitation by Abu-Bakr Lamtuni to preach among the Lamtuna, where he found a more enthusiastic reception. Upon his death&nbsp;Yusef Ibn Tashfin succeeded him. In&nbsp;the latter part of the 11th century this&nbsp;religious fervor, matched by the military prowess of the Lamtuna led to the conquest of Morocco,&nbsp;the Ghana Empire,&nbsp;much of Algeria, and&nbsp;part of Muslim Spain. Marrakesh was established as the capital in 1062/454 AH and Ibn Tashfin assumed the title of amir al-muslimin (“commander of the Muslims”)&nbsp;in the territories he governed. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;During the reign of ‘Ali Ibn Yusef&nbsp;(1106-1142/499-536 AH) the rest of Muslim Spain came under Almoravid rule, with the exception of Valencia, which retained its independence. The administrative union between the Spanish and North Africa was consolidated, which allowed a greater flow of artistic and intellectual commerce between the two Mediterranean shores. The architecture of this period attempted to reign in much of what they saw as the excesses of the Umayyad period.&nbsp;The Almoravids were less prone to build on a grand scale, or to indulge in elaborate ornamentation. Perhaps the&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/sites/1739" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Qubbahal-Barudiyyin</a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/sites/14772" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Marrakesh</a>&nbsp;is one of the best extant examples of early Almoravid architectural style and its emphasis on simple, austere designs with great inherent aesthetic elegance. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Christian forces wanting to retake territory, as well as Muslim rivals for power soon challenged the Almoravids dominance and kept chipping away at their vast and weakened empire. Saragossa&nbsp;fell to Christian forces in 1118/512 AH, and by&nbsp;1125/519 AH the&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/timelines/48/period/Almohad/year/1130" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Almohads</a>&nbsp;were already showing their strength in armed rebellions. The fall of Marrakech and Lisbon in&nbsp;1147/541 AH,&nbsp;effectively marked the end of Almoravid power, though some resistance continued in Spain, the Balearic Islands and in the province of Ifriqiyya, in today's Tunisia. -<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2691" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Michael A. Toler</a>

Marrakech
Marrakech, Morocco

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Marrakech
Marrakech, Morocco

Location

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MarrakechMarrakech, Morocco

Location

Documents

Associated Names

Site Contains

Events

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MarrakechMarrakech, Morocco

Location

Images & Videos

Documents

Associated Names

Site Contains

Events

Style Periods

Additional Names

Keywords

Marrakech
Marrakech, Morocco

Marrakech
Marrakech, Morocco